LIBRARY
Defect Library
Roots, bellies, offset joints, Orangeburg, cast iron scale. Annotated.
Belly in Sewer Line: How to Spot and Measure a Sag on Camera
How a belly (sag) looks on a sewer camera, how to record where it starts, how deep it holds water and where it ends, and when to recommend a dig versus monitoring.
Updated on September 25, 2026 · 4 min readCast Iron Pipe Corrosion: Scale, Channeling and What to Do
How to read cast iron sewer corrosion on camera: scale, tuberculation and bottom channeling, and when descaling, lining or replacement is the right call.
Updated on September 25, 2026 · 4 min readCracked Sewer Pipe: Reading Cracks, Fractures and Breaks
How to tell a hairline crack from a fracture, a broken pipe or a collapse on a sewer camera, how PACP groups them, and which repairs fit each severity level.
Updated on September 25, 2026 · 4 min readCross Bore in a Sewer Line: What It Is and What to Do Now
A cross bore is a gas or utility line bored through a sewer. How to recognize one on camera, what to do the moment you see it, and how utility programs handle it.
Updated on September 25, 2026 · 4 min readOffset Joint in a Sewer Line: How to Read It on Camera
What an offset (displaced) joint looks like on a sewer camera, how PACP groups joint offsets, how to tell it from a separated joint, and which repairs fit.
Updated on September 25, 2026 · 4 min readOrangeburg Pipe: How to Identify It on a Sewer Camera
How to spot Orangeburg (bituminized fiber) sewer pipe on camera: ovaling, blistering and delamination, why it fails, and what to recommend to the homeowner.
Updated on September 25, 2026 · 4 min readRoot Intrusion in Sewer Lines: How to Identify It on Camera
What root intrusion looks like on a sewer camera, from fine hair roots at a joint to a full root mass, how PACP codes it, and what to tell the customer.
Updated on September 25, 2026 · 3 min read